#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use rustframe::matrix::{BoolMatrix, FloatMatrix, Matrix, StringMatrix};

    // Helper function to create a basic Matrix for testing
    fn create_test_matrix() -> Matrix<i32> {
        // Column-major data:
        // 1 4 7
        // 2 5 8
        // 3 6 9
        let data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
        Matrix::from_vec(data, 3, 3)
    }

    // Another helper for a different size
    fn create_test_matrix_2x4() -> Matrix<i32> {
        // Column-major data:
        // 1 3 5 7
        // 2 4 6 8
        let data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
        Matrix::from_vec(data, 2, 4)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from_vec_basic() {
        let data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; // 2 rows, 3 cols (column-major)
        let matrix = Matrix::from_vec(data, 2, 3);

        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

        // Check some elements
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 1); // First row, first col
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], 2); // Second row, first col
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], 3); // First row, second col
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 2)], 6); // Second row, third col
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "data length mismatch")]
    fn test_from_vec_wrong_length() {
        let data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; // Should be 6 for 2x3
        Matrix::from_vec(data, 2, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "need at least one row")]
    fn test_from_vec_zero_rows() {
        let data = vec![1, 2, 3];
        Matrix::from_vec(data, 0, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "need at least one column")]
    fn test_from_vec_zero_cols() {
        let data = vec![1, 2, 3];
        Matrix::from_vec(data, 3, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from_cols_basic() {
        // Representing:
        // 1 4 7
        // 2 5 8
        // 3 6 9
        let cols_data = vec![vec![1, 2, 3], vec![4, 5, 6], vec![7, 8, 9]];
        let matrix = Matrix::from_cols(cols_data);

        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3);
        // Internal data should be column-major
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);

        // Check some elements
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 0)], 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], 5);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 2)], 7);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from_cols_1x1() {
        let cols_data = vec![vec![42]];
        let matrix = Matrix::from_cols(cols_data);
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[42]);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 42);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "need at least one column")]
    fn test_from_cols_empty_cols() {
        let empty_cols: Vec<Vec<i32>> = vec![];
        Matrix::from_cols(empty_cols);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "need at least one row")]
    fn test_from_cols_empty_rows() {
        let empty_row: Vec<Vec<String>> = vec![vec![], vec![]];
        Matrix::from_cols(empty_row);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "col 1 has len 2, expected 3")]
    fn test_from_cols_mismatched_lengths() {
        let cols_data = vec![vec![1, 2, 3], vec![4, 5], vec![6, 7, 8]];
        Matrix::from_cols(cols_data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_getters() {
        let matrix = create_test_matrix();
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_index_and_get() {
        let matrix = create_test_matrix();
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], 5);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 2)], 9);

        assert_eq!(*matrix.get(0, 0), 1);
        assert_eq!(*matrix.get(1, 1), 5);
        assert_eq!(*matrix.get(2, 2), 9);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "index out of bounds")]
    fn test_index_out_of_bounds_row() {
        let matrix = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        let _ = matrix[(3, 0)];
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "index out of bounds")]
    fn test_index_out_of_bounds_col() {
        let matrix = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        let _ = matrix[(0, 3)];
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_index_mut_and_get_mut() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3

        matrix[(0, 0)] = 10;
        matrix[(1, 1)] = 20;
        matrix[(2, 2)] = 30;

        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 10);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], 20);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 2)], 30);

        *matrix.get_mut(0, 1) = 15;
        *matrix.get_mut(2, 1) = 25;

        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], 15);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 1)], 25);

        // Check underlying data consistency (column-major)
        // Should be:
        // 10 15  7
        //  2 20  8
        //  3 25 30
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[10, 2, 3, 15, 20, 25, 7, 8, 30]);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "index out of bounds")]
    fn test_index_mut_out_of_bounds_row() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        matrix[(3, 0)] = 99;
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "index out of bounds")]
    fn test_index_mut_out_of_bounds_col() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        matrix[(0, 3)] = 99;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_column() {
        let matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        // 1 3 5 7
        // 2 4 6 8

        assert_eq!(matrix.column(0), &[1, 2]);
        assert_eq!(matrix.column(1), &[3, 4]);
        assert_eq!(matrix.column(2), &[5, 6]);
        assert_eq!(matrix.column(3), &[7, 8]);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "range end index")]
    fn test_column_out_of_bounds() {
        let matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        matrix.column(4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_column_mut() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        // 1 3 5 7
        // 2 4 6 8

        let col1_mut = matrix.column_mut(1);
        col1_mut[0] = 30;
        col1_mut[1] = 40;

        let col3_mut = matrix.column_mut(3);
        col3_mut[0] = 70;

        // Check changes via indexing
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], 30);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], 40);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 3)], 70);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 3)], 8); // Unchanged

        // Check underlying data (column-major)
        // Should be:
        // 1 30 5 70
        // 2 40 6  8
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[1, 2, 30, 40, 5, 6, 70, 8]);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "range end index")]
    fn test_column_mut_out_of_bounds() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        matrix.column_mut(4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_iter_columns() {
        let matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        // 1 3 5 7
        // 2 4 6 8

        let cols: Vec<&[i32]> = matrix.iter_columns().collect();
        assert_eq!(cols.len(), 4);
        assert_eq!(cols[0], &[1, 2]);
        assert_eq!(cols[1], &[3, 4]);
        assert_eq!(cols[2], &[5, 6]);
        assert_eq!(cols[3], &[7, 8]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_iter_rows() {
        let matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        // 1 3 5 7
        // 2 4 6 8

        let rows: Vec<Vec<i32>> = matrix
            .iter_rows()
            .map(|row| row.iter().cloned().collect())
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(rows.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(rows[0], vec![1, 3, 5, 7]);
        assert_eq!(rows[1], vec![2, 4, 6, 8]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_matrix_row_get_and_iter() {
        let matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        // 1 3 5 7
        // 2 4 6 8

        let row0 = matrix.iter_rows().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(*row0.get(0), 1);
        assert_eq!(*row0.get(1), 3);
        assert_eq!(*row0.get(3), 7);
        let row0_vec: Vec<i32> = row0.iter().cloned().collect();
        assert_eq!(row0_vec, vec![1, 3, 5, 7]);

        let row1 = matrix.iter_rows().nth(1).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(*row1.get(0), 2);
        assert_eq!(*row1.get(2), 6);
        let row1_vec: Vec<i32> = row1.iter().cloned().collect();
        assert_eq!(row1_vec, vec![2, 4, 6, 8]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_swap_columns() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        // 1 4 7
        // 2 5 8
        // 3 6 9

        matrix.swap_columns(0, 2); // Swap first and last

        // Should be:
        // 7 4 1
        // 8 5 2
        // 9 6 3

        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 7);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], 8);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 0)], 9);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], 4); // Middle col unchanged
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], 5);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 1)], 6);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 2)], 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 2)], 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 2)], 3);

        // Swap the same column (should do nothing)
        let original_data = matrix.data().to_vec();
        matrix.swap_columns(1, 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &original_data); // Data should be identical

        // Check underlying data (column-major) after swap(0, 2)
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[7, 8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3]);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "column index out of bounds")]
    fn test_swap_columns_out_of_bounds() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        matrix.swap_columns(0, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delete_column() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        // 1 3 5 7
        // 2 4 6 8

        matrix.delete_column(1); // Delete the second column (index 1)

        // Should be:
        // 1 5 7
        // 2 6 8

        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], 5);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], 6);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 2)], 7);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 2)], 8);

        // Check underlying data (column-major)
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8]);

        // Delete the first column
        matrix.delete_column(0);
        // Should be:
        // 5 7
        // 6 8
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[5, 6, 7, 8]);

        // Delete the last column
        matrix.delete_column(1);
        // Should be:
        // 5
        // 6
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[5, 6]);

        // Delete the only column
        matrix.delete_column(0);
        // Should be empty
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2); // Rows stay the same
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 0); // Cols becomes 0
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[]);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "column index out of bounds")]
    fn test_delete_column_out_of_bounds() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        matrix.delete_column(4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delete_row() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        // 1 4 7
        // 2 5 8
        // 3 6 9

        matrix.delete_row(1); // Delete the second row (index 1)

        // Should be:
        // 1 4 7
        // 3 6 9

        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], 4);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], 6);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 2)], 7);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 2)], 9);

        // Check underlying data (column-major)
        // Original: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
        // Delete row 1: [1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9]
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9]);

        // Delete the first row
        matrix.delete_row(0);
        // Should be:
        // 3 6 9
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[3, 6, 9]);

        // Delete the last (and only) row
        matrix.delete_row(0);
        // Should be empty
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 0); // Rows becomes 0
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3); // Cols stay the same
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[]);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "row index out of bounds")]
    fn test_delete_row_out_of_bounds() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        matrix.delete_row(3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_add_column() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        // 1 3 5 7
        // 2 4 6 8

        let new_col = vec![9, 10];
        matrix.add_column(2, new_col); // Add at index 2

        // Should be:
        // 1 3 9 5 7
        // 2 4 10 6 8

        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 5);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], 4);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 2)], 9);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 2)], 10);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 3)], 5); // Shifted
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 3)], 6);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 4)], 7); // Shifted
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 4)], 8);

        // Check underlying data (column-major)
        // Original: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
        // Add [9, 10] at index 2: [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 5, 6, 7, 8]
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 5, 6, 7, 8]);

        // Add a column at the beginning
        let new_col_start = vec![11, 12];
        matrix.add_column(0, new_col_start);
        // Should be:
        // 11 1 3 9 5 7
        // 12 2 4 10 6 8
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 6);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 11);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], 12);
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 5, 6, 7, 8]);

        // Add a column at the end
        let new_col_end = vec![13, 14];
        matrix.add_column(6, new_col_end);
        // Should be:
        // 11 1 3 9 5 7 13
        // 12 2 4 10 6 8 14
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 7);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 6)], 13);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 6)], 14);
        assert_eq!(
            matrix.data(),
            &[11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "column index out of bounds")]
    fn test_add_column_out_of_bounds() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        let new_col = vec![9, 10];
        matrix.add_column(5, new_col); // Index 5 is out of bounds for 4 columns
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "column length mismatch")]
    fn test_add_column_length_mismatch() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4 (2 rows)
        let new_col = vec![9, 10, 11]; // Wrong length
        matrix.add_column(0, new_col);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_add_row() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        // 1 3 5 7
        // 2 4 6 8

        let new_row = vec![9, 10, 11, 12];
        matrix.add_row(1, new_row); // Add at index 1

        // Should be:
        // 1  3  5  7
        // 9 10 11 12
        // 2  4  6  8

        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 4);

        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 2)], 5);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 3)], 7);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], 9);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], 10);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 2)], 11);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 3)], 12);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 0)], 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 1)], 4);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 2)], 6);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 3)], 8);

        // Check underlying data (column-major)
        // Original: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] (rows 0, 1)
        // Add [9, 10, 11, 12] at index 1 (new row will be index 1, original row 1 becomes index 2)
        // Col 0: [1, 9, 2]
        // Col 1: [3, 10, 4]
        // Col 2: [5, 11, 6]
        // Col 3: [7, 12, 8]
        // Data: [1, 9, 2, 3, 10, 4, 5, 11, 6, 7, 12, 8]
        assert_eq!(matrix.data(), &[1, 9, 2, 3, 10, 4, 5, 11, 6, 7, 12, 8]);

        // Add a row at the beginning
        let new_row_start = vec![13, 14, 15, 16];
        matrix.add_row(0, new_row_start);
        // Should be:
        // 13 14 15 16
        // 1  3  5  7
        // 9 10 11 12
        // 2  4  6  8
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 4);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 4);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], 13);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 3)], 16);
        // Check some existing elements to ensure they shifted correctly
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], 1);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 1)], 10);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(3, 3)], 8);

        // Add a row at the end
        let new_row_end = vec![17, 18, 19, 20];
        matrix.add_row(4, new_row_end);
        // Should be:
        // 13 14 15 16
        // 1  3  5  7
        // 9 10 11 12
        // 2  4  6  8
        // 17 18 19 20
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 5);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 4);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(4, 0)], 17);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(4, 3)], 20);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "row index out of bounds")]
    fn test_add_row_out_of_bounds() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        let new_row = vec![9, 10, 11, 12];
        matrix.add_row(3, new_row); // Index 3 is out of bounds for 2 rows
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "row length mismatch")]
    fn test_add_row_length_mismatch() {
        let mut matrix = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4 (4 cols)
        let new_row = vec![9, 10, 11]; // Wrong length
        matrix.add_row(0, new_row);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_elementwise_add() {
        let matrix1 = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        let matrix2 = Matrix::from_vec(vec![9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 3, 3); // 3x3

        let result = &matrix1 + &matrix2;

        assert_eq!(result.rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(result.cols(), 3);

        // Expected:
        // 1+9  4+6  7+3  => 10 10 10
        // 2+8  5+5  8+2  => 10 10 10
        // 3+7  6+4  9+1  => 10 10 10
        // Column-major data: [10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]
        assert_eq!(result.data(), &[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]);
        assert_eq!(result[(0, 0)], 10);
        assert_eq!(result[(1, 1)], 10);
        assert_eq!(result[(2, 2)], 10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_elementwise_sub() {
        let matrix1 = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        let matrix2 = Matrix::from_vec(vec![1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3], 3, 3); // 3x3

        let result = &matrix1 - &matrix2;

        assert_eq!(result.rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(result.cols(), 3);

        // Expected:
        // 1-1  4-2  7-3  => 0 2 4
        // 2-1  5-2  8-3  => 1 3 5
        // 3-1  6-2  9-3  => 2 4 6
        // Column-major data: [0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6]
        assert_eq!(result.data(), &[0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6]);
        assert_eq!(result[(0, 0)], 0);
        assert_eq!(result[(1, 1)], 3);
        assert_eq!(result[(2, 2)], 6);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_elementwise_mul() {
        let matrix1 = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        let matrix2 = Matrix::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 3, 3); // 3x3

        let result = &matrix1 * &matrix2;

        assert_eq!(result.rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(result.cols(), 3);

        // Expected:
        // 1*1  4*1  7*1  => 1 4 7
        // 2*2  5*2  8*2  => 4 10 16
        // 3*3  6*3  9*3  => 9 18 27
        // Column-major data: [1, 4, 9, 4, 10, 18, 7, 16, 27]
        assert_eq!(result.data(), &[1, 4, 9, 4, 10, 18, 7, 16, 27]);
        assert_eq!(result[(0, 0)], 1);
        assert_eq!(result[(1, 1)], 10);
        assert_eq!(result[(2, 2)], 27);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_elementwise_div() {
        let matrix1 = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        let matrix2 = Matrix::from_vec(vec![1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 7, 8, 9], 3, 3); // 3x3

        let result = &matrix1 / &matrix2; // Integer division

        assert_eq!(result.rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(result.cols(), 3);

        // Expected:
        // 1/1  4/2  7/7  => 1 2 1
        // 2/1  5/2  8/8  => 2 2 1  (integer division)
        // 3/1  6/2  9/9  => 3 3 1
        // Column-major data: [1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1]
        assert_eq!(result.data(), &[1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1]);
        assert_eq!(result[(0, 0)], 1);
        assert_eq!(result[(1, 1)], 2);
        assert_eq!(result[(2, 2)], 1);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "row count mismatch")]
    fn test_elementwise_op_row_mismatch() {
        let matrix1 = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        let matrix2 = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        let _ = &matrix1 + &matrix2; // Should panic
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "row count mismatch")]
    fn test_elementwise_op_col_mismatch() {
        let matrix1 = create_test_matrix(); // 3x3
        let matrix2 = create_test_matrix_2x4(); // 2x4
        let _ = &matrix1 * &matrix2; // Should panic
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitwise_and() {
        let data1 = vec![true, false, true, false, true, false]; // 2x3
        let data2 = vec![true, true, false, false, true, true]; // 2x3
        let matrix1 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data1, 2, 3);
        let matrix2 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data2, 2, 3);

        // Expected column-major results:
        // T & T = T
        // F & T = F
        // T & F = F
        // F & F = F
        // T & T = T
        // F & T = F
        // Data: [T, F, F, F, T, F]
        let expected_data = vec![true, false, false, false, true, false];
        let expected_matrix = BoolMatrix::from_vec(expected_data, 2, 3);

        let result = &matrix1 & &matrix2;
        assert_eq!(result, expected_matrix);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitwise_or() {
        let data1 = vec![true, false, true, false, true, false]; // 2x3
        let data2 = vec![true, true, false, false, true, true]; // 2x3
        let matrix1 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data1, 2, 3);
        let matrix2 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data2, 2, 3);

        // Expected column-major results:
        // T | T = T
        // F | T = T
        // T | F = T
        // F | F = F
        // T | T = T
        // F | T = T
        // Data: [T, T, T, F, T, T]
        let expected_data = vec![true, true, true, false, true, true];
        let expected_matrix = BoolMatrix::from_vec(expected_data, 2, 3);

        let result = &matrix1 | &matrix2;
        assert_eq!(result, expected_matrix);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitwise_xor() {
        let data1 = vec![true, false, true, false, true, false]; // 2x3
        let data2 = vec![true, true, false, false, true, true]; // 2x3
        let matrix1 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data1, 2, 3);
        let matrix2 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data2, 2, 3);

        // Expected column-major results:
        // T ^ T = F
        // F ^ T = T
        // T ^ F = T
        // F ^ F = F
        // T ^ T = F
        // F ^ T = T
        // Data: [F, T, T, F, F, T]
        let expected_data = vec![false, true, true, false, false, true];
        let expected_matrix = BoolMatrix::from_vec(expected_data, 2, 3);

        let result = &matrix1 ^ &matrix2;
        assert_eq!(result, expected_matrix);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitwise_not() {
        let data = vec![true, false, true, false, true, false]; // 2x3
        let matrix = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data, 2, 3);

        // Expected column-major results:
        // !T = F
        // !F = T
        // !T = F
        // !F = T
        // !T = F
        // !F = T
        // Data: [F, T, F, T, F, T]
        let expected_data = vec![false, true, false, true, false, true];
        let expected_matrix = BoolMatrix::from_vec(expected_data, 2, 3);

        let result = !matrix; // Not consumes the matrix
        assert_eq!(result, expected_matrix);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "col count mismatch")]
    fn test_bitwise_op_row_mismatch() {
        let data1 = vec![true, false, true, false]; // 2x2
        let data2 = vec![true, true, false, false, true, true]; // 2x3
        let matrix1 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data1, 2, 2);
        let matrix2 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data2, 2, 3);
        let _ = &matrix1 & &matrix2; // Should panic
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "col count mismatch")]
    fn test_bitwise_op_col_mismatch() {
        let data1 = vec![true, false, true, false]; // 2x2
        let data2 = vec![true, true, false, false, true, true]; // 2x3
        let matrix1 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data1, 2, 2);
        let matrix2 = BoolMatrix::from_vec(data2, 2, 3);
        let _ = &matrix1 | &matrix2; // Should panic
    }

    // Test with String type (requires Clone, PartialEq)
    #[test]
    fn test_string_matrix() {
        let data = vec![
            "a".to_string(),
            "b".to_string(),
            "c".to_string(),
            "d".to_string(),
        ];
        let matrix = StringMatrix::from_vec(data.clone(), 2, 2); // 2x2

        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], "a".to_string());
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], "b".to_string());
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], "c".to_string());
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], "d".to_string());

        // Test modification
        let mut matrix = matrix;
        matrix[(0, 0)] = "hello".to_string();
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], "hello".to_string());

        // Test add_column (requires Clone)
        let new_col = vec!["e".to_string(), "f".to_string()];
        matrix.add_column(1, new_col); // Add at index 1
        // Should be:
        // hello c d
        // b     e f
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], "hello".to_string());
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], "b".to_string());
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], "e".to_string()); // New col
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 1)], "f".to_string()); // New col
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 2)], "c".to_string()); // Shifted
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 2)], "d".to_string()); // Shifted

        // Test add_row (requires Clone)
        let new_row = vec!["g".to_string(), "h".to_string(), "i".to_string()];
        matrix.add_row(0, new_row); // Add at index 0
        // Should be:
        // g     h     i
        // hello e c
        // b     f d
        assert_eq!(matrix.rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix.cols(), 3);
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 0)], "g".to_string());
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 1)], "h".to_string());
        assert_eq!(matrix[(0, 2)], "i".to_string());
        assert_eq!(matrix[(1, 0)], "hello".to_string()); // Shifted
        assert_eq!(matrix[(2, 2)], "d".to_string()); // Shifted
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_float_matrix_ops() {
        let data1 = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]; // 2x2
        let data2 = vec![0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5]; // 2x2
        let matrix1 = FloatMatrix::from_vec(data1, 2, 2);
        let matrix2 = FloatMatrix::from_vec(data2, 2, 2);

        let sum = &matrix1 + &matrix2;
        let diff = &matrix1 - &matrix2;
        let prod = &matrix1 * &matrix2;
        let div = &matrix1 / &matrix2;

        // Check sums (col-major): [1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5]
        assert_eq!(sum.data(), &[1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5]);

        // Check diffs (col-major): [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
        assert_eq!(diff.data(), &[0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5]);

        // Check prods (col-major): [0.5, 3.0, 7.5, 14.0]
        assert_eq!(prod.data(), &[0.5, 3.0, 7.5, 14.0]);

        // Check divs (col-major): [2.0, 1.333..., 1.2, 1.14...]
        // Using element access for more specific checks on floating point results
        assert_eq!(div.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(div.cols(), 2);
        assert!((div[(0, 0)] - 1.0 / 0.5).abs() < 1e-9); // 2.0
        assert!((div[(1, 0)] - 2.0 / 1.5).abs() < 1e-9); // 1.333...
        assert!((div[(0, 1)] - 3.0 / 2.5).abs() < 1e-9); // 1.2
        assert!((div[(1, 1)] - 4.0 / 3.5).abs() < 1e-9); // 1.14...
    }

    // Axis enum doesn't have logic, no tests needed directly, but its presence is verified by compilation.
}